As Queen Elizabeth I’s immediate heir to the throne, Mary Queen of Scots (1542–1587) became the focus of Roman Catholic rebellion and was a continual threat to the future of Protestant England. Her attire reveals her religious ties, and is perhaps indicative of the type of clothing worn by women in Jacobus Houbraken’s native country. During his lifetime, Houbraken engraved approximately 400 portraits after paintings by both Dutch and English artists.